Towards a unified orthography for Papiamento (3): Examples
by Fred de Haas
VOCALS AS IN (LANGUAGE) SPELLING PAPIAMENTO
A [ɑ] Du. dak; Fr. patte a dak
A [aː] Du. zaak aa ‘baraans’
E [ɛ] Sp. perder; Fr. mère e perde
E [eː] Sp. éramos e bebe
U [u] Sp. duradero; Fr. jour u duradero
O [ɔ] or [u] Sp./ Port. Papiamento
Sp. loco, hondo o papiamento, loko, hondo, Korsou
I [i:] Du. icoon; Sp: típico, maíz i buki, típiko, maíshi
I [ɪ] Du./Pap. hik i hik
Papiaments leerboek, by E.R. Goilo
Vocals
Consonants
CONSONANTS AS IN (LANGUAGE): SPELLING PAPIAMENTO
S Sp. desear; rezar (South Am. Sp.) s deseá; resa
V Du. vagebond v vagabundo
X [ks] Du. extra; Sp. reflexión ks ekstra; reflekshón
Z Port. zelo; Du. zacht z zeloso
K Sp. calentar; loco k kalentá; loko; keintá
R Sp. coro r koro; rondoná
H [ɦ] Sp. hondo h heful; hanzué
J Sp. payaso; (South Am. Sp.) hallar y payaso; haya
G [ɡ] Sp. goloso g golós
W [ʋ] Pap. weso; Du. zwaaien w weso; zwaai; wowo
N [ŋ) Sp. ángel, con ganas, cinco, lengua
n ban, bin, hunga, lenga, un
Composite sounds
AI [ɑi] Sp. paisaje; caimán ai paisahe; kaimán
AÍ [ɑí] Fr. haïr Sp. caída aí aíchi
AU [ʌu] Du. blauw; Sp. aumentar au blau; aumentá
OU [ʌu] Du. bouwen; Engl. output au trabau
CE CI [seː][si][sɛ] Sp. cero; cigarra; cerdo ce ci cero; cinko; cinkuenta
CO CA CU [kɔ][kɑ][ku] Sp. coro ; calentar ; cura ko ka ku koro ; kandela ; kurá
CH [tʃ] Sp. chino ch chino
DJ [dj] Sp. adiós dj dje; djara(n)són
EI [ɛi] Du. lijm; trein; Port. jeito ei leim; zjeito; esei
EU [eːu] Port. ‘deus’; Ned. Zeeuw eu pareu
GE en GI [x] Sp. giro; género; gesto ge gi giro; genial; gesto
GUE [ɡɛ] Sp. guerra gûe gûera
GUI [ɡi] Sp. seguir; guisado gui sigui; guitara
GÜI [ɡʋi] Sp. lingüista gwi lingwista
IA [i.ɑ] Sp. consecuencia ia konsekuencia; papiamento
ÍA [í.ɑ] Sp. refinería ía refinería
IE [jeː] Sp. fiero; cielo ie kier; cielo
IE [jɛ] Sp. destierro ie destiero
IO [iɔ] Sp. juicio io huicio
ÍO [íɔ] of [íu] Sp. judío ío hudío
IU [ju] Sp. viuda iu viuda
KUA [kʋa:] [kʋa] Sp. cuarenta; cual kua kuarenta; kual
KUE [kʋɛ] Sp. cuenta kue kuenta
KUE [kʋeː) Sp. cuero kue kuero
KUI [kʋi] Sp. cuidado kui kuidadoso
MM [m] Ned. temmen mm leimmento
Ñ (NJ) [ɲ] Sp. peña; Ned. franje ñ peña; fraña; ñapa
NN [n] Sp. innato nn innato
OI [oj] Port. loiro oi morkoi
SH [ʃ] Port. ‘deixar’; Ned. sjaal sh lombrishi
UA [ʋa] Sp. huaca; Pap. warapa wa wanta; warapa; warwarú
UE [ʋeː] Sp. bueno ue duele
UE [ʋɛ] Sp. cuento ue ta duelmi
UI [ʋi] Sp. juicioso ui huicioso
UÍ [ʋí] Sp. concluir uí konkluí; huí
UO [uɔ] Sp. ingenuo uo ingenuo
ZJ [ʒ] Fr. jour; Port. jeito zj zjeito
Foto © Michiel van Kempen
Loanwords (with diacritic signs)
Sound LOANWORD FROM (LANGUAGE) SPELLING PAPIAMENTO Phonetic Script
A TAPE English EI Teip [te:p]
EU LEUK Dutch EÛ Leûk [lø:k]
G JOYA Spanish J Joya [xo:ja]
G TOCH; GROF Dutch G Tog; grof [tɔx];[xrɔf]
QUO QUORUM Latin a.o. QUO Quorum [kwo:rum]
U JANUARI Dutch Ü Yanüari [janyari]
U BUS Dutch Ù Bùs [bƳs]
UA GUARACHA Spanish UA Guaracha [gwaratʃa]
UI DUIM Dutch ÛI Dûim [dœym]
UU ZUUR Dutch Ü Zür [zy:r]
WAAI ZWAAI (EN) Dutch WÂI Zwâi [zwa:j]
SOUND LOANWORD FROM (LANGUAGE) Same spelling in papiamento Phonetic script
A TAPE English Tape [te:p]
EU LEUK (cute, nice) Dutch Leuk [lø:k]
G JOYA (jewel) Spanish Joya [xo:ja]
G TOCH (yet); GROF
(rude; rough) Dutch Toch; grof [tox]; [xrof]
QUO QUORUM Dutch / Latin Quorum [kwo:rum]
U JANUARI Dutch Januari [janyari]
U BUS Dutch Bus [bƴs]
UA GUARACHA (name of a rhythm) Spanish Guaracha [gwaratʃa]
UI DUIM (thumb) Dutch Duim [dœym]
UU ZUUR (sour) Dutch Zuur [zy:r]
WAAI ZWAAI (EN) (a wave, to wave) Dutch Zwaai [zwa:j]
Loanwords (written as in the original language)
Suffixes: -cion, -sion, -cia, -cio, -ciu, -dad, -ud
• -cion en -sion will be written as –SHÓN. Examples:
• DECEPSHÓN
• REFLEKSHÓN
• EKSTENSHÓN • – cia stays -cia: konsekuencia
• – cio stays – cio: edificio
• – ciu stays – ciu: ciudad
• – dad stays – dad: ciudad (compare: ciudadano)
• – ud stays – ud: kietud
Accentuation (similar to the Spanish rules)
One could easily apply the Spanish accentuation rules to Papiamento.
RULE (SPANISH)
• Words ending in a vowel are stressed on the penultimate syllable in Spanish.
Examples for Spanish:
• Without accent: duradero, baronesa, aguacero
• Stressed on the penultimate: párpado, brújula, huérfano
Examples for Papiamento:
• Without accent: meuchi, awa, dunando
• Stressed where applicable: rondoná, bentá (gegooid), ferfdó, líkido, orákulo
RULE (SPANISH)
• Words ending in a consonant are stressed on the last syllable in Spanish, except when the last consonant is an N or an S.
• In the latter case the penultimate syllable will be stressed
Examples for Spanish:
• Without accent: deshonestidad, traidor, mercantil, hablan, hablas
• Stressed where applicable: deformación, antítesis
Examples for Papiamento:
• Without accent : deshonestidad, meteor, merkantil, tesis
• Stressed where applicable : destrukshón, kélder, metátesis, wélek, hafsténgel
• Please note: the plural ending ‘–nan’ does not count as a syllable. No accent will thus be needed on ‘miembronan’.
Curaçao. Foto © Michiel van Kempen
Abbreviations
As a rule a letter that in normal speech is not pronounced will be replaced by an apostrophe.
A hiatus or gap in speech between two sounds can be filled by a liaison letter (n or l) or contracted with the preceding vowel.
Current use can be maintained. Examples:
Without apostrophe With apostrophe(current spelling)
• Ta ami
• Kos di hari
• Duna é
• Riba di é
• Ku é
• E a mira
• Bo ke of bo no ke?
• Mi no sa
• Pa é
• Sombré di kabana
• Mi a duna é e plaka • T’ami
• Ko’i hari
• Dun’é
• Riba djé
• Kuné
• El a mira
• Bo ke of bo n’ke?
• Mi n’sa
• P’é
• Sombré ’i kabana
• m’a dun’ele e plaka
Hyphenation
By analogy with the French spelling system the personal pronouns direct and indirect object could be hyphenated to the verb by means of a – (= dash).
After an apostrophe the hyphen disappears:
• Duna-mi
• Duna-bo
• Dun’é
• Dúna-nos
• Dúna-boso
• Dúna-nan
Compare the new orthography with the spelling used in Curaçao and Bonaire
Source : ‘Changá’ (Papiamento translation of Dubbelspel by Lucille Berry-Haseth)
Uit: ‘Changá’
• Ku su duim el a tapa boka di metal di e slan i spuit awa riba nan te ora nan a bolbe mustra kòrá i fresku. ‘Un kaminda di tera maldishoná’, el a pensa, halando e slan atrobe mas leu i hibando e na e otro flornan.
Uit: ‘Changá’
• Tòg mi tin sierto rèspèt sí pa e hòmber akí i ademas e tin un koló basta kla, pero e ta djis un obrero na Shell.
New proposed orthography:
• Ku su dûim/duim el a tapa boka di metal di e slan i spûit/spuit awa riba nan te ora nan a bolbe mustra korá i fresko. ‘Un kaminda di tera maldicioná’, el a pensa, halando e slan atrobe mas leu i hibando e na e otro flornan.
New proposed orthography :
• Tog mi tin cierto respet sí pa e hómber akí i además e tin un koló basta kla, pero e ta djis un obrero na Shell.
Nota Bene:
dûim or duim (to be decided)
spûit or spuit (to be decided)
Compare Aruban orthography to the new proposed orthography
Source: Aruban newspaper Awe Mainta, 2016
Aruban Orthography (Awe Mainta) New proposed orthography
Poco dia pasa, Director Medico a duna di conoce cu masha hopi paciente di dokternan di cas, ta acudi na Spoed Eisende Hulp pa haya asistencia medico, enbes di bay Cas di Dokter, unda tin dokter na warda.
Poko dia pasá, Direktor Médiko a duna di konocé ku mashá hopi paciente di dokternan di kas, ta akudí na SEH pa haya asistencia médiko, enbes di bai Kas di Dokter, unda tin dokter na warda.
Den presencia di ciudadano, profesional, empresario, Parlamentario y te hasta Minister di e bario di Savaneta a desvela diaranson mainta e borchi cu ta identifica e proyecto di Facilidad multifuncional den e bario aki.
Hunto cu ne por a presencia con e trabounan di construccion a inicia y cu ta programa pa culmina den aproximadamente 12 luna Den presencia di ciudadano, profesional, empresario, Parlamentario i te hasta Minister di e bario di Savaneta a develá diaransón maínta e borchi ku ta identifiká e proyecto di Facilidad multifuncional den e bario akí.
Hunto kuné por a presenciá kon e trabaunan di konstrukshón a iniciá i ku ta programá pa kulminá den aproximadamente 12 luna.
Nota Bene:
For loanwords it has to be decided whether one chooses the spelling from the original language or an adapted one: aproksimadamente or aproximadamente.
Artikel in Amigoe n.a.v. het centraal eindexamen Papiamentu havo en vwo 2017
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